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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Sigmund Freud's couch</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li>

<li><a href="Erikson's_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Id%2C_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li>

<li><a href="Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial_(Freud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li>

<li><a href="Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li>

<li><a href="R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1899)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1901)</span></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br>of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></div></li>

<li><i><a href="Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1912)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1920)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1964)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1972)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li>

<li><a href="Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br>Psychoanalysis</a></div></li>

<li><a href="British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br>Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li>

<li><a href="International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APsychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>A <b>training analysis</b> is a <a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> undergone by a candidate (perhaps a physician with specialty in <a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> or a psychologist) as a part of her/his training to be a <a href="Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a>; the (senior) psychoanalyst who performs such an analysis is called a <b>training analyst</b>.

</p><p>For most of the psychoanalytical societies, a training analysis is different both from a psychoanalysis performed for the "therapeutic treatment of a patient"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="Psychoanalytic_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic psychotherapy">psychoanalytic psychotherapy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The pioneers of psychoanalysis did not have training analyses - of the <a href="Inner_circle_(psychoanalysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner circle (psychoanalysis)">inner circle</a> around Freud, <a href="Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a> said jokingly that the first training analysis was a series of walks taken by <a href="Max_Eitingon" title="Max Eitingon">Max Eitingon</a> with Freud around the streets of Vienna!<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Freud himself credited the Zurich school around <a href="Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung">Jung</a> with first raising the question of an analysis for budding psychoanalysts, but it was only after World War I that the <a href="Berlin_Psychoanalytic_Institute" title="Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute">Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute</a> led the way in mandating a training analysis of a year at least:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half a century later, it would not be unusual to spend fifteen years in (a double) training analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The principle of an obligatory training analysis was formalized by the IPA in 1922, a strong lead being given in this by <a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div>

<p>Many of the controversies that would subsequently plague psychoanalysis came to centre on the question of the training analysis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freud/Klein">Freud/Klein</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Controversial_discussions" title="Controversial discussions">controversial discussions</a> within British psychoanalysis swiftly came to focus on the question of analytic training.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were only resolved by setting up separate training programmes within the same psychoanalytic society.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lacan">Lacan</h3></div>

<p>Lacan always maintained that "the aim of my teaching has been and is still the training of analysts";<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was on this point that the controversies around him repeatedly focused. Early criticism for shortening the length of training analyses, and exploiting the <a href="Transference" title="Transference">transference</a> to build up a personal following,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blossomed in the demand by the IPA that his teaching "is to be regarded as null and void as far as any qualification to the title of psycho-analyst is concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The issue would reappear within his independent organisation, however, leading to a further (third) split in French psychoanalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analyst-in-training">Analyst-in-training</h2></div>

<p>A training analysis is also different from psychoanalysis performed <i>by</i> the psychoanalyst-in-training on a patient and supervised by a <a href="Supervising_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervising analyst">supervising analyst</a>. A candidate in training typically analyzes a number of patients, each for three or four years. In the USA, the latter analysis may be offered to the public as "low fee analysis" in the various psychoanalytic institutes affiliated with the <a href="American_Psychoanalytic_Association" title="American Psychoanalytic Association">American Psychoanalytic Association</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Criticism of the training analysis in its latterday, developed form continues to materialize. <a href="Adam_Phillips_(psychologist)" title="Adam Phillips (psychologist)">Adam Phillips</a> quipped that "Psychoanalytic training became a symptom from which a lot of people never recovered";<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Juliet_Mitchell" title="Juliet Mitchell">Juliet Mitchell</a> considered that it fossilised and froze the analysand in an <a href="Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">identification</a> with the analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Based on Lacan's criticism and its developments in France within <a href="Paris_Psychoanalytic_Society" title="Paris Psychoanalytic Society">Paris Psychoanalytic Society</a> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_psychanalytique_de_France" class="extiw external" title="fr:Association psychanalytique de France">French Psychoanalytical Association</a>, the <a href="International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytic Association</a> included new training models, like the French and the Uruguayan models, added to the traditional Eitingon model of the "Training analysis" (introduced by <a href="Max_Eitingon" title="Max Eitingon">Max Eitingon</a> in the early twenties). The French model, making no distinction between training analysis and therapeutic analysis, is a model in which the personal psychoanalysis is mostly independent from the institututional application of the candidate, and therefore takes place prior to the institutional training. The training in <a href="Paris_Psychoanalytic_Society" title="Paris Psychoanalytic Society">Paris Psychoanalytic Society</a> shows a typical example of this model.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Lay_analysis" title="Lay analysis">Lay analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Psychoanalytic_Association" title="American Psychoanalytic Association">American Psychoanalytic Association</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRycroft1995">Rycroft 1995</a>, p. 185</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gay, <i>Freud</i> (1989) p. 179</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Malcolm, <i>Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession</i> (1988) p. 5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Laplanche/J.-B. Pontalis, <i>The Language of Psychoanalysis</i> (2012) p. 454</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Roudinesco, <i>Jacques Lacan</i> (2005) p. 193</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Lacan, <i>The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis</i> (1994) p. 230</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Macey, 'Introduction', Lacan <i>Four</i> p. xii-xiv</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacan, <i>Four</i> p. 3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roudinesco, p. 338-9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Phillips, <i>On Flirtation</i> (1994) p. 88</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline Rose, <i>On Not Being Able to Sleep</i> (2003) p. 171</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRycroft1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="Charles_Rycroft" title="Charles Rycroft">Rycroft, Charles</a> (1995), <i>A critical dictionary of psychoanalysis, 2nd edition</i>, London: Penguin Books. Pp. xxx, 214, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-051310-8</bdi></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/training-psychoanalyst-reference/training-psychoanalyst">Training of the Psychoanalyst</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/training-analysis-reference/training-analysis">Training Analysis</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-04-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Training_analysis&oldid=1218217317">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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